Secretion and flow of milk which is produced in female humans and mammals after parturition (natural birth). Suckling period in mammals.

With a surface area close to 30 000 km2 and a maximum depth of 706 metres, Lake Malawi is the third biggest freshwater lake in Africa, the fifth biggest great lake in the world in volume and the ninth biggest in terms of surface area. It is also characterised by an extremely rich fauna.

Lake Tanganyika, with a surface area of 32 900 km2 and a maximum depth of 1 433 metres, is one of the African Great Lakes and the second biggest freshwater lake in the world in terms of volume and depth. Measuring 677 km in length, it is also the longest lake in the world, and is home to a vast fauna. It is partly supplied by Lake Kivu on the one hand, and empties into the River Congo on the other.

Professor emeritus of comparative literature and the theory of translation at the KUL. He is the author of a chapter entitled “L'éternelle question des frontières : littératures nationales et systèmes littéraires”, which appeared in Christian Angelet et alii, Langue, dialecte, littérature. Etudes romanes à la mémoire de Hugo Plomteux (1983).

A German filmmaker of Austrian origins, Fritz Lang is one of the most respected film directors and a figurehead of German expressionism (a cinematographic genre whose golden age was situated over the course of the 1920s). He is famous for films such as Metropolis or Doctor Mabuse the gambler.

A diagnostic and operating surgical technique which is not very invasive on the abdominal cavity. A laparoscopy is carried out with the aid of an endoscope more often requires general anaesthesia.

Anatomic pathology technique for isolating specific cells of interest from cuts of tissue. The piece to be microdissected is placed on an extremely fine sheet of heat-sensitive plastic covering a glass slide, so that the piece adheres to the plastic and not to the slide. An IR laser is focused through the lens of the microscope and directed by the operator, who “cuts out” the exact cells he wants to obtain. The cells are then recuperated by slight aspiration.

Muscles that allow the body to bend sideways.

Marie Laurencin was born in Paris and died there. She made a name for herself in poetry and in painting. She was the author of poems published under the name of Louis Lalanne. She was the muse and companion of Apollinaire, whose Bohemian life she shared from 1907 to 1912. She was also friends with Braque, Picasso, the Douanier Rousseau, Max Jacob and Derain; at Bateau-Lavoir, she painted Apollinaire et ses amis. She was shown along with Cubist painters although her paintings were not really part of that movement. Her colours were fluid and suave; she liked long gracious figures that she worked to immortalize. She also did scene design for ballets such as Les Biches by Poulenc in 1924, and book illustrations.

A process which leads onto legitimacy and which is necessarily shaped by symbolic struggles. In the issue of gaining literary legitimacy, it is Paris which imposes its vision, thus conferring on certain writers on the periphery its marks of recognition and consecration to the detriment of others considered less gifted.

Designed in 1996 with the help of the Lego foundation which gave a grant to Libera without really knowing what the artist’s project was. It is a ‘set’ containing seven boxes of different sizes from which it was possible to construct a concentration camp with Lego blocks. Libera had entered this production in an exhibition on the Holocaust, creating a polemic.

A German philosopher, savant, jurist, historiographer and diplomat, a universal spirit in contact with the whole of the learned Europe of his time. The apex summit of rationalist intellect, the system he proposed had the ambition of overcoming the religious and philosophical divisions within Christianity, harshly experienced through the wars of religion. The framework of Leibniz’s thinking was logic and mathematics. After discovering differential calculus, he invented, independently of Newton, infinitesimal calculus and made mathematics in general progress very widely, as a tool at the service of the other areas of knowledge. Leibniz, who deplored the divisions within the Germanic Holy Roman Empire, fractured into a mosaic of little states, appealed for the cultural renaissance of his homeland and advocated the creation of a German Society of Arts and Sciences. The savant, who wrote the majority of his oeuvre in French, was given responsibility in 1672 for an ambitious diplomatic mission at the instigation of the Elector of Mainz: it consisted of diverting against Egypt – thus against the Turks – the conquest ambitions of Louis XIV, the King of a France which was dominant at this epoch. The project aborted, but his stay in France, intercut with voyages to England, was taken advantage of to establish numerous scientific and philosophical contacts from which he would draw the lessons in exhorting the Germans to ‘better cultivate their reason and their language.’

Son of Albert the First, Leopold became the fourth King of Belgium in 1934. Faced with the threat of a new conflict in Europe, from 1936 onwards he engaged Belgium in the politics of “independence” and then of neutrality. He directed military operations during the invasion of Belgium by Germany on the 10th of May 1940. He laid down his arms on the 28th of May, a decision which was contested, notably by France, as was his decision to remain in Belgium and marry Lilian Baels during the war. The Germans captured him and took him to the Reich in 1944. He was liberated by the Allies in 1945, but the communists, socialists and liberals were very critical of him. Leopold III thus preferred to take exile in Switzerland. From September 1944, the regency was taken on by his brother, Prince Charles. For more than 5 years, what is known as the “Royal Question” was to shake the country. In 1950, following a popular consultation, whose result was favourable, the King returned to Belgium. But the vote divided the country: the majority of Flanders was in favour of the King, as opposed to Wallonia and Brussels. Faced with the difficulties which shook the country and the dangers of them exploding, the King withdrew: he passed his powers to his son Baudouin, “Prince Royal” in August 1950 and abdicated in his favour in July 1951.

A play by Guillaume Apollinaire. Thérèse, tired of working in the kitchen and tired of her children, gets rid of her breasts (two red and blue balloons) and becomes a man named Tirésias. Her husband becomes a pretty girl who is courted by a gendarme, and bears more than 40,000 children. In order to describe this Ubu-esque farce, presented on June 24,1917, Apollinaire used the word “surrealist”, which he had invented a month earlier for Parade, a ballet by Cocteau and Satie.

The mother of Apollo and Artemis, divine twins born from her union with Zeus.

An artistic circle which in 1894 succeeded that of XX and which, whilst continuing to be run by Octave Maus (1856-1919), pursued the objectives of its illustrious precursor. Its organising committee was confined to men of letters such as Verhaeren (1855-1916), the creator of the review, L'Art moderne. It also, attentive to new talents, and particularly neo-impressionism, continued annual exhibitions up until 1913, the eve of the Great War and its dissolution.

Contract by which the holder of intellectual property rights authorises the use of his property by a third party while retaining the ownership.

A film by the Italian director Roberto Benigni released in 1997.
Summary: In 1938, Guido, a young man full of joy, dreams of opening a bookshop despite being harassed by the fascist administration. He falls in love with Dora, a teacher who is stifled by family conformism and elopes with her on the day of her engagement to a bureaucrat in the regime. Five years later, Guido and Dora have a son: Josue. But the race laws are now in force and Guido is a Jew. He is deported with his wife and son to the concentration camps. To spare his son the horror of the camp, Guido starts to explain to his son that they are taking part in a big game and the first prize is an armored tank.

A ligand is a molecule binding to a protein playing the role of receiver. The liaison to the ligand by the receiver is a specific relation which triggers an intracellular signaling and a phenotypic modification in the cell that expresses this receiver. In the case of exosomes, a ligand present on the surface of an exosome can be recognized by a target cell which has a receiver on its surface capable of recognizing the ligand to then be internalized within it.

A component of plants which gives them their rigidity and a certain impermeability to water. Its levels vary according to the plant in question. It is the second most common biopolymer on our planet after cellulose.

Likasi (formerly Jadotville) is a town in the province of Katanga in the Democratic Republic of Congo. It is located in the heart of the mining region of Katanga. Its current population is more than 420,000 inhabitants. The town of Likasi is divided into four communes (which are themselves divided into quarters): Kikula, Likase, Panda and Shituru.

In astronomy, the edge of the disc of a heavenly body.

The study of continental or inland waters, in particular, stagnant waters. The term limnology comes from the Greek Limne (lake) and logos (study).

In mathematics a linear function is a first degree function which represents the proportionality of several values.

A liposome is an artificial vessel formed by a double layer of lipids. Because of their polar structure, these lipids are organised in such a way that their hydrophilic 'heads' are on the exterior and interior of the vesicle, while their hydrophobic 'tails' are attracted to one another to form the centre of the double layer. This mixed structure enables both hydrosoluble and liposoluble molecules to be transported. Increasingly, liposomes are developed in pharmaceutical research as drug vectors.

malformation of the cerebral cortex characterised by a lack of cerebral gyri, i.e., the sinuous folds of the brain’s surface. Lissencephaly gather together all the illnesses that have in common a more or less smooth aspect on the surface of the brain.

Organs for transplantation are usually taken from the deceased. But given the shortage of organs, an increasing number of transplantations are being developed using living donors, which is obviously only possible for certain organs: the kidneys (because the donor can very well live with one kidney) and the liver (because of this organ’s astonishing ability to regenerate).
This poses a theoretical ethical problem because the organ is taken from a healthy patient, which is contrary to the basic principle of medicine. It is also necessary to ensure that the donor isn't subject to any psychological pressure.
The donors are often chosen within the family for compatibility reasons, but there are an increasing number of “paired donations” between compatible families.

An English philosopher and political theorist, and one of the precursors of the Enlightenment. He took an interest in numerous disciplines: philosophy, politics, as well as medicine, physics and chemistry. His opposition to absolutist politics under the Stuart monarchy obliged him to go into lengthy exile in France and then the Netherlands. He only returned to England after the Revolution of 1688. From a philosophy perspective Locke was the first major representative of Anglo-Saxon empiricism. In his Essay Concerning Human Understanding (1690), he set out to demonstrate how ideas are formed and how knowledge is constituted, essentially on the basis of tangible experience. His opposition to absolutism and his taking a position in favour of the separation of the powers made him one of the founders of political liberalism. Favourable to a constitutional monarchy, he considered that society should be founded on a contract. But if the sovereign abuses his rights, insurrection is legitimate (A Letter Concerning Toleration, 1689). Locke’s influence on the thought of the 18th century thought and beyond would be considerable, as well as on the emergence of the concept of a state run through the rule of law.

In hieroglyphic writing a logogram is a sign that has at one and the same time a determinate semantic content and a determinate phonological content. This differentiates it from a pictogram such as the sign that tells you where to go to the bathroom in the airport, a sign that has only semantic value and which can be interpreted by speakers of any language. A hieroglyphic logogram may designate therefore a real or an imaginary entity, but it can only be read in a determinate and arbitrarily fixed manner, in the Egyptian language.

A Germanic people which established itself in Pannonia at the end of the 5^th century and conquered the Po River plain in the following century, from which comes the name ‘Lombardy’, designating this region in the north of Italy. The Lombards were in constant conflict with the Byzantines and the Popes. Summoned by Pope Stephen II to defend Rome from the Lombard threat, Pippin III the Short and Charlemagne carried out several victorious expeditions against them. In 774, Charlemagne deposed the last Lombard King, Desiderius (756-774), and adopted the Lombard crown.

According to estimates, Lubumbashi is the second or third most populous town of the Democratic Republic of Congo, a status to which the town of Mbuji-Mayi also lays claim. It is smaller than Kinshasa. Lubumbashi is the capital of the province of Katanga. It is also known as the copper capital.

Founded in 1910 by the Belgians under the name of Elisabethville, often abbreviated to “E'ville”, the town was renamed Lubumbashi in 1965. It was also the name of the capital of the self-proclaimed state of Katanga (1960-1963), at the instigation of Moïse Tshombe.

French engineers considered as the inventors of cinema. They organised the first public cinematography projection in Paris in 1895 (there were 33 spectators!) They also understood the interest of filming real scenes, thus becoming the pioneers of cinematographic reporting. We owe to them also the invention of colour photography and even a procedure for three dimensional cinema (1935).

A German monk, theologian and University professor, the initiator of the Reformation of the Church and the father of Protestantism. At the start, Luther was indignant with the German preachers who, in order to help Pope Leo X continue the construction of the Saint Peter basilica in Rome, offered the faithful, in return for money, ‘indulgences’, in other words a remission of the punishments which sanctioned sins. He denounced the very principle of this practice in his 95 Theses (1517). At this point in time he did not yet wish to leave the Roman Catholic Church, but solely to battle against its abuses and contribute to its reform. But the Pope did not see things in the same light: he condemned him as a heretic in 1520 and excommunicated him in 1521. Summoned to Worms (Rhineland-Palatinate) to appear before the Diet (in other words the general assembly of the states) of the Germanic Holy Roman Empire, he refused to retract, estimating himself subject to the authority of the Bible rather than that of the Catholic hierarchy. He was thus banished from the Empire; his books were banned and burned. Taken into his castle by his friend, the Elector of Saxony Frederick the Wise III, he there wrote his best known works, which were widely disseminated thanks to the development of ‘modern’ printing, created by Johannes Gutenberg. Luther devoted the whole of the end of his life elaborating his theology and constructing his Church. His Reform marked a wish to return to the sources of Christianity, in opposition to the directions taken by the Church during the Middle Ages. Referring to the Bible – and not to the Papal hierarchy – as the sole legitimate source of religious authority was one of the fundamental elements of the Reformation. The question of the salvation of souls as a gift granted by God was equally central to the thinking of the reformers, who denounced the corruption of society brought about by the trade in indulgences. Undertaken by Martin Luther in Germany and Ulrich Zwingli in Switzerland, relayed with particular accents by John Calvin in Geneva and France, the Reformation would extend throughout the whole of North West Europe. The Counter Reformation carried out by the Catholic Church would permit it only a partial winning back of the people won over to Protestantism. In the 16th century, the battles of influence between Catholics and the Reformed would be expressed through numerous conflicts in the Germanic world and by civil wars in France, England and Scotland.

Cancer of the lymph system which affects the spleen, the liver or bone marrow.

Dissolve a cell or a bacteria.